Danone Research & Innovation

Advanced Infant Formula Compared to Breast Milk

Carol Hrejsa

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A series of medical illustrations created for an organization researching advanced infant formula. The visuals included the structure of human milk droplets, study designs using animal models, and long-term metabolic outcomes of infant nutrition.

© 2025 Danone Research & Innovation

Carol Hrejsa

medical illustration of Bees and flowers represent immune dysfunction in PTEN-deficient gliomas in this editorial illustration. Glioma cells overexpress SPP-1, which attracts macrophages. Flowers represent uncontrolled tumor growth. SPP-1 changes macrophage behavior, promoting tumor growth. To explain complex molecular processes for Keywords: PTEN-deficient glioma, macrophage signaling, SPP-1, tumor microenvironment, immune evasion, cancer immunology.
medical illustration of This editorial cover illustration features zebrafish swimming through DNA-shaped seaweed toward a treasure chest filled with golden chromosomes. This visual metaphor represents the breakthrough linking the zebrafish “golden gene” to human pigmentation and melanoma. The glowing chest symbolizes new insights into melanoma biology using zebrafish as a model organism. Ideal for communicating advancements in cancer genetics and translational research.
medical illustration of Cartoon-style medical illustration depicting the timeline of blood draws in a pediatric patient undergoing congenital heart surgery, part of a translational research study on the sST2 biomarker in heart failure. A young boy in a hospital setting shows labeled vials for each collection point—from perioperative stages to postoperative days. A cartoon heart character transitions from stressed to happy, symbolizing recovery. © University Children's Hospital Zurich.
medical illustration of Vector illustrations and motion graphics were created for an e-learning serious game on polycystic kidney disease. The visuals follow a teenage blood donor who must consider how his family history of chronic kidney disease affects eligibility, using narrative to support learning.
medical illustration of This image illustrates the muscle anatomy of a female athlete in a dynamic pose, showcasing key muscle groups. Deltoids, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus abdominis, obliques, quadriceps, hamstrings. This representation is valuable for patient education and medical training, enhancing understanding of muscle function in athletic performance.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration depicts varicose veins, focusing on the superficial venous system, especially the great saphenous vein and its tributaries. It shows dilated, tortuous veins, indicating venous insufficiency and impaired blood flow. Key structures like valves, deep veins, and muscle tissue are labeled. This visual aids in patient education, illustrating varicose veins.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration of the mitral valve highlights key structures: anterior and posterior leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. It shows the valve's position between the left atrium and left ventricle, crucial for understanding mitral valve function and pathology. This resource aids in learning about mitral prolapse and how abnormalities can lead to regurgitation.
medical illustration of Editorial cover illustration for Technical Fundamentals in Neurosurgery showcasing the transformation of surgical knowledge into precision. A gloved hand grips a pencil morphing into a digital hologram, symbolizing technique evolution. Behind, blueprints of the brain serve as a foundation, with architectural brain blocks transitioning from sketch to realistic brain, emphasizing the merger of neuroscience and modern neurosurgery. © Thieme Medical Publishers.
medical illustration of This diagram of stomach anatomy illustrates key structures: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus, highlighting the gastric mucosa's role in digestion. This resource aids medical training and patient education, enhancing understanding of gastrointestinal physiology.
medical animation of This video blends the clarity of 2D medical illustration with the depth of 3D animation to visualize how serotonin travels, connects, and influences the brain.
medical illustration of This image depicts the alveolus of a lactating mammary gland. The lactocyte, the primary epithelial cell, synthesizes lipid droplets and casein granules, essential for breast milk. The alveolar lumen is filled with these secretory products, illustrating lactation function. Eccrine secretion contributes to milk composition. This representation is valuable for medical training and patient education on lactation physiology. © Hrejsa Medical Media.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration depicts the facial arteries and their anastomoses, highlighting the external carotid artery and its branches. It shows the pathway of the facial artery as it supplies blood to the face. This detailed representation serves as an educational tool for medical students and healthcare professionals, enhancing understanding of vascular anatomy and its clinical significance in facial surgeries and assessments.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration depicts the L5/S1 region of the lumbar spine, highlighting the intervertebral disc, vertebrae, and surrounding soft tissues. The posterior view of a female patient shows inflammation in the lumbar area, commonly associated with low back pain. Key structures include lumbar vertebrae L5 and S1, the sacrum, and surrounding musculature. This visual aids in patient education and medical training, emphasizing spinal anatomy's role in diagnosing low back conditions.
medical illustration of Detailed medical illustration of a male figure in side view, showcasing ghosted anatomy with a focus on nasal cavity arteries. This image highlights vascular structures involved in severe epistaxis, trauma, and surgical bleeding. It serves as an educational reference for otolaryngology, ENT surgery, nasal anatomy, and head and neck vascular structures. © Hrejsa Medical Media. Keywords: nasal arteries, epistaxis treatment, ENT anatomy, surgical anatomy, nasal trauma.
medical illustration of This image illustrates the hand anatomy affected by rheumatoid arthritis, highlighting metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints. It shows pain, inflammation, and swelling in synovial membranes, with arrows indicating bone erosion. This resource is valuable for patient education and medical training, emphasizing the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on joint integrity and the importance of early diagnosis and management.
medical illustration of This image illustrates a Grade 2 ankle sprain, highlighting the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). The ATFL, located laterally, is partially torn, indicating moderate sprain severity. The CFL, connecting the calcaneus to the fibula, may also show strain. This visual aids in patient education and medical training, emphasizing the importance of these ligaments in ankle stability and function.
medical illustration of Medical illustration of transthoracic echocardiographic views of the mitral valve: commissural view, four-chamber view, and long axis view. Labeled mitral leaflets (A1-A3, P1-P3) in surgical, apical, and parasternal long axis views. This diagram aids in assessing leaflet morphology and mitral valve function in left ventricular imaging. Ideal for cardiology education, sonographer training, and evaluating mitral regurgitation.
medical illustration of Medical illustration comparing the three major types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma arises in peripheral lung tissue, squamous cell carcinoma is located near the bronchial lining of the central airway, and large cell carcinoma appears diffusely. Ideal for oncology education, pulmonology resources, and lung cancer awareness.
medical illustration of This anterior view of the human heart illustrates key anatomical structures essential for understanding cardiac function. It highlights the four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, along with major vessels like the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) highlights key structures in renal function, including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and afferent arterioles. Juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole and macula densa cells of the distal convoluted tubule are depicted. The JGA regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, making it essential for medical training and patient education.
medical illustration of Medical illustration of renal cell carcinoma depicting four stages of kidney cancer: Stage I (tumor <7 cm, confined to the kidney), Stage II (tumor >7 cm, still within the kidney), Stage III (tumor spread to major veins, adrenal gland, or lymph nodes), and Stage IV (tumor beyond Gerota’s fascia with distant metastases). Labeled structures include the kidney, renal vein, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, and Gerota’s fascia. This visual aids in understanding kidney cancer progression.
medical illustration of This detailed anatomical illustration of skeletal muscle structure highlights key components essential for understanding muscle function. The image clearly depicts muscle fibers, the basic skeletal muscle units, organized into fascicles. Each fascicle contains numerous myofibrils, the contractile elements responsible for muscle contraction. The surrounding connective tissue, including the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, is also shown, providing structural support.
medical illustration of Medical illustration of a well-encapsulated dermoid cyst in the parotid gland, displacing facial nerve branches near the pes anserinus. The image illustrates the surgical approach of aspiration and decompression for safe removal, emphasizing parotid gland anatomy and facial nerve preservation. Key terms: parotid cyst, dermoid cyst, facial nerve branches, parotid gland surgery, pes anserinus, Stensen’s duct, cyst aspiration, parotidectomy, ENT surgery.
medical illustration of A hand-drawn medical illustration of the human knee joint. This educational visual highlights skeletal anatomy, major muscles surrounding the knee. Ideal for anatomy education, medical publishing, and illustration quality assessment. Keywords: knee joint illustration; medical illustration; hand-drawn anatomy; skeletal knee anatomy; anatomical drawing; muscle and joint diagram; orthopedic illustration.
medical illustration of Anatomical illustration of the human heart, highlighting the four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle. Includes atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic), as well as septa (interatrial, interventricular) and the aorta. This diagram serves as a clinical reference for blood circulation, emphasizing key structures for medical training and patient education. © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC.
medical illustration of This image illustrates McBurney's Sign and Rovsing's Sign, essential for diagnosing appendicitis. McBurney's Point, one-third from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus, shows tenderness indicating appendiceal inflammation. Rovsing's Sign involves palpating the left lower quadrant, causing pain in the right lower quadrant, further suggesting appendicitis. This visual aid helps medical students and healthcare professionals understand these clinical signs.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration depicts the respiratory pathway from the airway to the alveoli, highlighting key structures: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts. It shows the branching of bronchi into smaller respiratory bronchioles, leading to alveolar ducts and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. This visual serves as an educational tool for medical training and patient education, illustrating the transition from conducting to the respiratory zones in lung anatomy.
medical illustration of Detailed medical illustration of the respiratory membrane, highlighting the structure where oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are exchanged between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. The labeled diagram includes type I and type II alveolar cells, alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, macrophages, and the fused basement membrane forming the thin diffusion barrier. This cross-section illustrates essential gas exchange for respiratory function.
medical illustration of Medical illustration of the three coronal cross-sectional planes of the nasal airway, highlighting the narrowest anatomical zones: anterior, middle, and posterior regions. Measurements from acoustic rhinometry correlate with CT imaging for functional nasal airway assessment and turbinate reduction planning. This image aids in evaluating nasal obstruction and surgical decision-making for functional rhinoplasty and septoplasty. Keywords: acoustic rhinometry, nasal surgery planning.
medical illustration of This image illustrates the three types of muscle cells: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, non-striated, and involuntary, found in hollow organs like intestines and blood vessels. Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and voluntary, responsible for body movement and posture, attached to bones via tendons. Cardiac muscle cells are branched, striated, and involuntary, forming the heart's walls, essential for pumping blood.
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration of the lungs highlights key structures such as the trachea, which bifurcates into the primary bronchi for each lung. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes, including the oblique and horizontal fissures. This visual is essential for patient education and medical training, enhancing understanding of respiratory anatomy and function. Keywords: lungs, bronchus, trachea, lobes, fissures, patient education, medical training, respiratory anatomy.
medical illustration of A cricopharyngeal muscle bougie dilator is a medical device used to widen the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), also known as the cricopharyngeus muscle. This procedure treats cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction (CPD), which causes dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. The device aids in muscle dilation to improve esophageal function and alleviate swallowing disorders. Keywords: epiglottis, esophagus, throat, sagittal, dilate
medical illustration of The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, specifically within the pleural cavities on either side of the heart and mediastinum. Encased by the rib cage, they are protected by pleural membranes. Key terms include: lungs, thoracic cavity, pleural cavities, heart, mediastinum, rib cage, pleural membranes, respiratory system, anatomy, protection, bronchi, pleura, human body, thorax.
medical illustration of Storyboard frames for an internal training module depict a family's journey as their son is diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). The visuals educate on early signs, diagnosis, and the emotional aspects of care. Keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD, medical storyboard, genetic disorder, pediatric diagnosis, healthcare communication, rare disease, medical illustration, sketchy style.
medical illustration of This medical illustration demonstrates the anatomy of tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), highlighting the extensor tendons, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and ulna. It shows how repetitive motion, such as swinging a tennis racket, causes strain and inflammation at the elbow joint. The image is ideal for patient education, orthopedic studies, sports medicine, and understanding upper limb injuries related to overuse.
medical illustration of This detailed medical illustration shows the anatomy of the inguinal region, highlighting structures related to inguinal and femoral hernias. Labeled features include umbilical ligaments, Cooper’s ligament, iliopubic tract, vessels, and key nerves. It identifies direct, indirect, and femoral hernias, plus surgical landmarks like the triangle of doom and triangle of pain. Created for Body Scientific, published in The Foundation and Art of Robotic Surgery © 2022 Body Scientific International, LLC
medical illustration of Autonomic nerve innervation of the liver, highlighting both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Key anatomical structures: celiac ganglion, phrenic ganglion, sympathetic trunk, greater splanchnic nerves (T7–T12), vagus nerve trunks, hepatic plexuses, and associated arteries. The image distinguishes afferent and efferent neuronal pathways, including innervation to the duodenum. Ideal for use in neuroanatomy, gastroenterology, and hepatic physiology education.
medical illustration of Renal venous variations of the left kidney, including persistent left inferior vena cava, double left renal vein, retroaortic renal vein, multiple renal veins, and connections to major veins such as the azygos, hemiazygos, ascending lumbar, and intercostal veins. The diagram was created for medical education on renal circulation and vascular variations. Keywords: nephrology; vascular anatomy; urology.
medical illustration of Frontal and posterior views of a skeleton with the axial skeleton highlighted in color. Keywords: Axial Skeleton, Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Skeleton Anatomy, Frontal View, Posterior View, Human Skeleton, Medical Illustration, Bone Structure. Artwork created for Body Scientific International, Published in Introduction to Medical Terminology, 2nd Edition. © 2020 Body Scientific International.
medical illustration of This detailed illustration showcases the breast anatomy and ribcage underneath. It highlights the key structures, including the breast tissue, ducts, and lobes. Keywords: Breast Anatomy; Medical Illustration; Human Anatomy; Chest Anatomy; Medical Graphics; Anatomical Art; Breast Health; Mammary gland; lobe; lobule; duct; breast; female figure; ribcage; feminine
medical illustration of This medical illustration of a kidney cross-section provides a detailed view of the renal cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, nephrons, and major blood vessels. The labeled diagram highlights key structures such as the renal pyramids, ureter, and collecting ducts, making it an essential resource for nephrology education, kidney disease awareness, and medical research.
medical illustration of This image compares an MRI scan with a detailed medical illustration of a severe 19 mm herniated disc at L5/S1, pressing on the spinal nerve roots. The illustration highlights the disc extrusion and inflammation, visually explaining the condition and its impact on the spine. Keywords: herniated disc, L5 S1 herniation, spine MRI, medical illustration, nerve compression, back pain, sciatica, disc extrusion, microdiscectomy
medical illustration of This detailed illustration showcases the anatomy of the thymus, a vital organ in the immune system responsible for T-cell development. The image highlights the thymus’s location in the mediastinum, its lobular structure, and its relationship to surrounding organs. Keywords: Thymectomy; Thymus; Lungs; Heart; Diaphragm; Vein; Vessels; Artery; Anatomy Artwork created for Body Scientific International, Published in The Foundation and Art of Robotic Surgery.
medical illustration of Medical illustration showing a ureteroscopy procedure with detailed anatomy of the genitalia, bladder, ureter, and kidney. A ureteroscope is depicted inside the kidney near a stone, utilizing a laser or basket for stone removal. Ideal for urology education and patient awareness. Keywords: ureteroscopy; kidney stone; ureteroscope; bladder anatomy; kidney anatomy; stone removal; laser lithotripsy; urology illustration; medical education; urinary tract. © Medical College of Wisconsin
medical illustration of The illustration depicts a joyful, voluptuous Black woman with ghosted anatomy and a thinner version of her body hinted, highlighting the effects of GLP-1 agonists. The image emphasizes her happiness and body confidence, celebrating her journey toward better health through weight loss medication. The focus is on health and well-being, as the woman embraces her body while acknowledging the positive impact on her overall health. Keywords: Weight Loss, Body Confidence, Health, Ghosted Figure.
medical illustration of A medical illustration demonstrating shockwave lithotripsy, showcasing the kidney, flank region, and a shockwave probe. The image visualizes shock waves targeting and fracturing kidney stones, offering insight into this non-invasive procedure. Keywords: shockwave lithotripsy; kidney stone; non-invasive treatment; kidney anatomy; urology; shock waves; medical procedure; flank region; medical illustration; stone fragmentation.; pediatric © Medical College of Wisconsin
medical illustration of An educational illustration of a ureteral stent placed between the kidney and bladder, with genitalia, bladder, ureter, and kidney anatomy displayed. This stent lacks a retrieval string, making it ideal for prolonged placement. Keywords: ureteral stent; urinary flow; kidney anatomy; bladder anatomy; urology; medical illustration; no string stent; stent placement; urinary system; patient education. © Medical College of Wisconsin
medical illustration of Medical illustration of female mammary tissue and lymphatic anatomy, depicting the mammary glands, ducts, lymph nodes, and vessels in detail. The artwork emphasizes key structures, including lobules, lactiferous ducts, and axillary lymph nodes. Keywords: female mammary tissue, lymphatic system, breast anatomy, medical illustration, lymph nodes, breast cancer awareness, lactiferous ducts, mammary glands, anatomical art, reproductive health © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of Editorial illustration featuring the stomach and pancreas, surrounded by elements related to type 2 diabetes. The artwork includes depictions of a blood vial, the terms 'glucose' and 'insulin,' an insulin needle, pancreatic islet cells, and insulin molecules. Keywords: stomach and pancreas, type 2 diabetes, insulin molecules, glucose regulation, pancreatic islet cells, medical illustration, diabetes education, insulin needle, blood glucose, diabetes anatomy
medical illustration of A detailed medical illustration of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, showing the kidney and flank with a nephroscope inserted percutaneously. A probe within the nephroscope is depicted fracturing a large kidney stone. Designed for patient and clinical education. Keywords: percutaneous nephrolithotomy; PCNL; kidney stone; nephroscope; kidney anatomy; urology procedure; medical illustration; stone removal; flank region; large stones; pediatric © Medical College of Wisconsin
medical illustration of Medical illustration showcasing a posterior view of the female skeleton in a dynamic pose, emphasizing the anatomical structure of the spine, pelvis, and limbs. This art provides an understanding of skeletal alignment, movement, and placement of the skeleton in a figure. Keywords: female skeleton, posterior view, dynamic pose, skeletal anatomy, spine alignment, pelvis anatomy, medical illustration, biomechanics, orthopedic study, anatomical reference © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of Access to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve from posterior approach and its relation to the right inferior thryoid artery and nearby lymph nodes. Surgical point of view from a robotics surgery procedure. Keywords: Surgical, Esophagectomy, Lymphadenectomy, Esophagus, Trachea, Right Recurrent Nerve, Lymph Nodes, Instrument, Da Vinci Robotic Surgical Systems. Artwork created for Body Scientific International, Published in The Foundation and Art of Robotic Surgery.
medical illustration of The image displays the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, alongside a zoomed-in view of a kidney from the medulla. The nephron is featured, showing its key structures such as the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Keywords: Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, Collecting Duct, Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Urine Formation. © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of Explore the journey of three patients living with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in this interactive, choose-your-own-adventure game. Engage with activities like anatomy exercises, word searches, and animations, while your decisions shape wellness and confidence scores. A surprise twist reveals the hereditary nature of ADPKD, highlighting the importance of social support. Inspired by real patient stories.
medical illustration of This editorial image depicts a young girl bent over in pain, clutching her midsection due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). The illustration includes a detailed blow-up of the female urethra, showing bacteria entering the urinary tract. This image highlights the discomfort caused by UTIs and the bacterial process of infection. Keywords: Bacterial Infection, Pain, Women's Health, Midsection Pain, Editorial Image, E. coli Infection (Escherichia coli).
medical illustration of This image illustrates the endocannabinoid system, focusing on a neuron and a synapse, which are essential components of neural communication. It highlights how endocannabinoids are released from the neuron and bind to cannabinoid receptors within the synapse. Keywords: Endocannabinoid System, Neuron, Synapse, Cannabinoid Receptors, Neural Communication, Pain Modulation, Mood Regulation, Memory, Neurotransmitters, Nervous System, phytocannabinoid, © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of This medical illustration depicts the anatomy involved in a paravertebral block, highlighting structures like the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), trapezius, erector spinae, external intercostal muscle, and levatores costarum. Additional labeled components include the internal intercostal membrane (iimb), intercostal nerve (in), parietal and visceral pleura (pp, vp), sympathetic trunk (ST), and superior costotransverse ligament (SCTL), relevant to this regional anesthetic technique.
medical illustration of This illustration of the coelacanth, a living fossil, highlights its unique anatomical features, including lobed pectoral and pelvic fins essential for locomotion in deep-sea environments. It is an ancient lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The distinct three-lobed tail structure emphasizes its evolutionary significance. This image serves as an educational tool in marine biology, animal anatomy, and paleontology, aiding in the understanding of vertebrate evolution.
medical illustration of The image depicts the lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinum. It highlights the bronchial nodes around the bronchi, hilar nodes where the windpipe splits into the main bronchi, mediastinal nodes in the central chest region between the lungs and chest wall, and subcarinal nodes just below the windpipe’s bifurcation. Keywords: Lymph Nodes, Lungs, Mediastinum, Lymphatic Drainage, Thoracic Anatomy, Mountain-Dresler Map, Respiratory. Artwork created for Body Scientific International.
medical illustration of The image features two pregnant women, both at full term with visible anatomy. The internal view shows the fully developed babies inside their respective uteruses. Additionally, the mammary glands are highlighted in both women, indicating their role in post-birth lactation. Keywords: Pregnancy, Asian, Hispanic, Diversity, Full-Term, Uterus, Mammary Glands, Anatomy, Babies.  Artwork created for Body Scientific International.
medical illustration of The image shows intestinal villi with swollen lymphatic vessels, illustrating both normal and blunted villi with lymphangiectasia. It highlights mucosal inflammation, ruptured lymphatics, and blood capillaries, while also depicting the lymphatic pathways connecting to the thoracic duct. Keywords: Intestinal Villi, Lymphangiectasia, Swollen Lymphatics, Mucosal Inflammation, Blood Capillaries, Thoracic Duct. Intestinal Epithelium. © Carolina Hrejsa, Kevin Brennan
medical illustration of The image shows a young male in silhouette playing basketball, with the circulatory system anatomy superimposed, illustrating the arteries, veins, and heart. The dynamic pose highlights the importance of the cardiovascular system in sports and physical activity. Keywords: Male, Basketball, Circulatory System, Arteries, Veins, Heart, Cardiovascular System, Sports, Dynamic Pose, Diversity Artwork created for Body Scientific International © 2020 Body Scientific International, LLC.
medical illustration of The image illustrates various forms of nerve compression and stretching. It shows compression of the right vagus nerve by soft tissue (A) and crushing of the recurrent laryngeal nerve by cartilage (C). The left vagus nerve is stretched due to neck hyper-extension (B), the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is tethered (D). Keywords: Neck Hyper-extension, Soft Tissue Compression, Nerve Tethering, Crico-thyroid articulation. Published in Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Caused By Hanging.
medical illustration of The image shows the phacoemulsification procedure for cataract surgery. An instrument is inserted into the eye to break up the clouded lens using ultrasonic vibrations, and the fragments are removed. This prepares the eye for a new artificial lens to restore vision. Keywords: Phacoemulsification, Cataract Surgery, Eye, Lens Removal, Ultrasonic Probe, Vision Restoration, Artificial Lens, Ophthalmology, Surgical Procedure, Eye Surgery © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of The illustration showcases a female figure with two views: one with muscles partially transparent and the other with the skeleton ghosted, designed to locate surface areas for Botox injections. The anatomy highlights key muscles and underlying bone structures essential for precise injection sites. Keywords: Injection Sites, Surface Anatomy, Facial Muscles, Cosmetic Procedure. Artwork created for Body Scientific International
medical illustration of The illustration depicts the Type III variation of the thoracodorsal artery (TDA), highlighting its involvement with the lateral thoracic branches (LTA). Keywords: Vascular Anatomy, Arterial Branching, Thoracic Vasculature, Anatomical Variation, Vascular Illustration. Artwork created for Body Scientific International, Published in Operative Techniques in Plastic Surgery. © Wolters Kluwer
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration shows a skeletal muscle with a single myofibril extended from the muscle fibers. Keywords: Skeletal Muscle, Myofibril, Muscle Fibers, Muscle Contraction, Muscle Anatomy, Myosin, Actin, Sarcomere, Muscle Structure, Anatomy Illustration. © Hrejsa Medical Media LLC
medical illustration of This anatomical illustration depicts the arteries and veins of the pelvis. Keywords: Internal Iliac Artery, Vascular Anatomy, Pelvic Circulation, Pelvic Vessels, Venous Drainage, Blood Supply, Medical Illustration. Artwork created for Body Scientific International, Published in Master Techniques in Surgery: Vascular Surgery: Hybrid, Venous, Dialysis Access, Thoracic Outlet, and Lower Extremity Procedures. © Wolters Kluwer
medical illustration of An illustration of a virion (the single viral infectious particle), with a focus on the cell membrane proteins including the Spike glycoprotein and internal components, including the nucleocapsid and RNA. Keywords: Spike Proteins, Viral Envelope, RNA Strand, Nucleocapsid, Lipid Bilayer, Membrane Proteins, Coronavirus Structure, Viral Replication, ACE2 Receptor Binding, Viral Entry. Artwork was created for Body Scientific International, © 2020 Body Scientific International, LLC.
medical illustration of This image highlights the brain’s hippocampus and amygdala, emphasizing their role in functional neurological disorder (FND). It shows heightened functional connectivity between areas involved in movement, attention, and emotion regulation, particularly within the salience and limbic networks. Keywords: Functional Connectivity. Artwork created for Body Scientific International. Published in Scientific American, Nov 2020, Decoding a Disorder at the Interface of Mind and Brain
medical illustration of This image illustrates a stenotic aortic valve, highlighting the differences between a normal valve with three cusps and a diseased valve. The normal valve allows proper blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, while the stenotic valve shows calcification and thickening of the cusps, restricting opening and impairing hemodynamics. This visual aids in understanding aortic stenosis and its impact on cardiac function, valuable for patient education and medical training.

Profile

Carol Hrejsa, CMI, MS is a board-certified medical illustrator and biomedical visualization educator. She has over 17 years of experience in creating, art directing, and visualizing scientific and medical concepts. She proudly declares herself a master of Adobe Photoshop, but her heart truly belongs to the art of traditional figure drawing.

Style/Techniques

Animation, Airbrush, Cartoon, Color, Caricature, Information Graphics, Line with Color, Microscopy

Subject/Specialties

Alternative Medicine, Anatomy, Biology, Cardiac Surgery / Cardiology, Cell biology / Histology, Dermatology, Disease Management, Emergency Medicine, Endocrinology / Metabolic, Gastroenterology, General Medicine, General Surgery, Genetics, Maternal / Child, Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Obstetrics / Gynecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, Pediatrics, Physical Therapy, Reproductive Biology, Respiratory, Thoracic Surgery, Urology, Vascular Surgery, Virology, Zoology, Injuries, Oncology, Mechanism of Action (MOA), Health & Wellness, Pathology, Plastic Surgery, Sports Medicine